Berkala Penelitian Teknologi Kulit, Sepatu, dan Produk Kulit
Berkala Penelitian Teknologi Kulit, Sepatu dan Produk Kulit diterbitkan oleh Politeknik ATK Yogyakarta sebagai media penuangan dan pembahasan karya ilmiah dalam bidang ilmu perkulitan dan barang kulit, terbit dua (edisi) dalam setahun. Berkala Penelitian Teknologi Kulit, Sepatu, dan Produk Kulit mencakup beberapa topik mengenai penyamakan kulit (enzim terapan, kimia terapan dan kimia lingkungan), produk samping kulit, teknologi karet, teknologi plastik, pengembangan mesin produksi, teknologi sepatu, dan pengembangan produk kulit yang diterbitkan oleh Politeknik ATK Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Jurnal ini juga mencakup penelitian-penelitian dari multidisiplin ilmu yang lain yang terkait dengan teknologi kulit, karet dan plastik. Berkala Penelitian Teknologi Kulit, Sepatu dan produk Kulit is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, as well as short communication in all areas of basic and applied chemistry. Berkala Penelitian Teknologi Kulit, Sepatu dan produk Kulit covers the following topics. Arts Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Bioengineering Engineering Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Social Science The submitted manuscript should have relevance with Arts, Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Bioengineering, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, and Social Science. Publication Frequency To fasten qualified articles to be published, Berkala Penelitian Teknologi Kulit, Sepatu dan Produk Kulit publish two issues (numbers) annually (February-August and September-January). Article Processing Charge This journal does not charge any fees for article submission, processing, or publication. All stages, from manuscript submission to the final publication, are completely free of charge.
THE EFFECT OF MOLASSES AS AN ADHESIVE MATERIAL FOR MAKING ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY LIVESTOCK PELLETS
This study aims to determine the effect of using molasses and starch adhesives on the physical quality of pellets made from fleshing waste generated by the leather tanning industry. The research employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments: no adhesive (P0), addition of 2.5% molasses (P1), and addition of 2.5% starch (P2), each with three replications. The observed parameters included the physical characteristics of the pellets (color, texture, aroma, and compactness) as well as their reaction response to HCl solution. The results showed that the addition of adhesives significantly improved pellet quality. Treatment P1 produced the most compact, dense, and stable pellets, with a more intense reaction to HCl, while P2 provided moderate improvements and remained superior to P0. Pellets without adhesive (P0) had a loose structure, were less compact, and easily crumbled. Therefore, molasses is identified as the most effective adhesive for improving the physical quality and stability of pellets made from fleshing waste, whereas starch can serve as an alternative adhesive with lower effectiveness.
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DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIPLE MARKING SYSTEM ON SHOELAST: AN EFFICIENT AND ADAPTIVE SOLUTION FOR MULTI-DESIGN PRODUCTION
The lasting process in the footwear industry is essential for ensuring the accuracy and symmetry of upper placement on the shoelast, which directly affects the final shape and quality of the shoe. In many footwear industries, shoelasts are used without placement guides, leading operators to rely on visual estimation. This condition reduces accuracy, increases defects, and lowers efficiency, particularly when a single shoelast is used for multiple designs. This study aims to develop an adaptive and easily implemented multiple marking system on shoelasts to support various women’s footwear designs. The research combines needs analysis through observation of the lasting process with experimental testing of marking creation and application. Markings were designed based on upper dimensions, distinguished by color for each design, and applied using durable yet non-permanent acrylic markers. Testing on two shoe articles (A and B) evaluated upper-position accuracy, lasting time, and operator responses. Results indicate that the multiple marking system significantly improves accuracy in upper placement and reduces lasting time from 8–10 minutes to 5–7 minutes. Operators reported clearer guidance and easier adaptation. Limited production trials further showed defect reduction for article A from 18% to 10% and for article B from 28% to 8%. Overall, the study demonstrates that an adaptive multiple marking system on the shoelast is an effective and economical method to enhance accuracy, improve lasting performance, reduce defects, and maintain flexibility for multi-design footwear production.
ADDITION OF DISPERSING AGENTS IN THE POST-TANNING PROCESS TO REDUCE COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) LEVELS
In the leather tanning industry, post-tanning process generates liquid waste. One of the parameters of liquid waste is Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The chemicals used in the post-tanning process have an impact on COD levels of the wastewater. The purpose of this study is to investigate the addition of a dispersing agent during the post-tanning stage to reduce the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) content in the process effluent. Based on the stages of post-tanning, the fatliquoring fixation process contains a large amount of organic substances, which is indicated by the high COD value. The higher the COD, the lower the dissolved oxygen content in water. Elevated COD levels can have adverse impacts on the environment. The method used in this study was a trial involving the addition of a dispersing agent during the post-tanning process. COD measurements were carried out using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The addition of 10% dispersing agent reduced COD levels from 62,200 mg/L to 56,550 mg/L (reduction of 9.08%). The results of the experiment demonstrate that the addition of a dispersing agent in the post-tanning process can reduce the wastewater treatment load in the leather tanning industry.
EVALUATION OF MANUAL SHOE REFERENCE DESIGNS FOR FOOT COMFORT
The handcrafted shoe industry, or traditional shoemaking, holds significant cultural and economic value, yet still faces challenges in ergonomics and user comfort. Currently, many artisans rely on experience and intuition when creating shoe molds. Mismatches between the mold shape and the user's foot anatomy can lead to uneven pressure distribution. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of a wooden handcrafted shoe mold design for wearer comfort. Testing was conducted by comparing the mold contour to foot anatomy data and a five-day wear test to observe user comfort responses. The evaluation results indicated that the manual mold met general size requirements for length and heel, but inaccuracies were found in the ball girth and waist arch, which tended to be narrow and asymmetrical. This condition causes excessive pressure on the instep and little toe, leading to pain and potential irritation during repeated wear. Furthermore, the less flexible nature of the upper material makes the shoe's adjustment process to the foot shape take longer and hinders even pressure distribution. Based on these findings, refinement of the mold design is needed to adjust the mold dimensions based on local anthropometric data to improve shoe comfort and ergonomic performance.
SUBSTITUTION OF SOLVENT-BASED SYSTEMS WITH WATER-BASED IN THE TOPCOAT FINISHING OF LAMINATED FOIL LEATHER
Laminated leather is widely used types of leather due to its appealing surface appearance and mechanical durability. However, the conventional top-coating process of laminated leather typically employs solvent-based compounds such as butyl acetate, which contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that contribute to environmental pollution and health hazards. The substitution of solvent-based with water-based formulations in the top coat represents an important step toward more sustainable and eco-friendly leather manufacturing practices. In this study, leather samples were prepared and subjected to three different treatments: K1 (water-based), K2 (solvent-based), and K3 (without solvent). The finishing stages included milling, buffing, foil lamination, additional milling, and top coat spraying. The finished leathers were evaluated organoleptically through several assessments, including foil adhesion, surface gloss, surface texture, and color shift analysis. The findings revealed that the type of top coat significantly affected both the visual and adhesive properties of the laminated leather. The water-based top coat produced a slightly rougher surface with lower gloss and a darker tone, while the solvent-based top coat resulted in a smoother, glossier finish that retained the leather’s original color. Furthermore, the water-based top coat exhibited the highest foil adhesion strength, achieving an average score of 3.7 (on a scale of 4), compared to 2.6 for solvent-based and 1.0 for untreated samples. These results indicate that water-based top coats can effectively enhance foil adhesion while reducing the environmental impact, making them a promising alternative for sustainable laminated leather finishing in upper shoe production.
VISUAL COMPARISON OF VEGETABLE TANNED GOAT SKIN ON THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF THE FOLTIC METHOD AND THE HYDRO DIP METHOD
This study was conducted to compare the visual results of vegetable goat skin using the foltic method and the hydro dip method. 3 sheets of vegetable goat skin were used in this experiment. Vegetable goat skin was divided into 3 treatments. Each 1 sheet for the experiment. The first vegetable goat skin was not treated as a comparison of the initial skin. The second vegetable goat skin used the foltic method and the third goat skin used the hydro dip method. The treated vegetable goat skin was then visually compared with undyed goat skin, vegetable goat skin using the foltic method, and the hydro dip method. The color results include color clarity, beauty and uniqueness of color. The results of the method study showed that vegetable goat skin before treatment was brown, plain and plural. Vegetable goat skin in the foltic treatment produced clear, bright colors, regular and unique motifs. Furthermore, vegetable goat skin with the hydro dip method visually produced opaque, unclear, faint, abstract colors, and the water media was not measurable. Water-based dyes used in hydro dip are easily mixed with water media so that the color pigments are spread and reduced in intensity, resulting in colors that appear faded, blurry and less clear. In the foltic method, appropriate dyes and a controlled application process are usually used so that the color can penetrate and blend with the skin. Conclusion, the hydro dip method and the foltic method can be applied to vegetable goat skin
APPLICATION OF HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT, AND RISK CONTROL (HIRARC) METHOD FOR RISK MANAGEMENT IN BEAM HOUSE OPERATION PRACTICUM
Educational laboratory is a place of learning for students through observation, experimentation and practicum. Practicum activities often face the risk of danger that threatens the safety and health of students. One of the practicums with many potential hazards is the beam house operation (BHO) which is the initial stage of the leather tanning process. As an effort to identify hazards, assess risks, and control risks in the beam house operation practicum, an analysis of the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) was carried out. The research method is descriptive with qualitative analysis through observation and surveys of respondents from lecturers, educational laboratory administrators and students. The data obtained were then analyzed using the HIRARC method. The object of the research is the activities or processes in the beam house operation practicum for salted sheepskin. The results of the risk analysis in the BHO practicum contained 12 types of risks consisting of 6 types of low risk (50%), 4 types of moderate risk (33.33%), and 2 types of high risk (16.67%). Risk controls that can be applied to the BHO practicum include engineering control, administration, and personal protective equipment (PPE).
DESIGN OF LABORATORY CHEMICAL INVENTORY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM AT POLITEKNIK XYZ
The chemical inventory management system in the XYZ Polytechnic laboratory has not been optimally integrated, so real-time stock monitoring is still limited and has the potential to cause discrepancies between the amount of stock recorded and actual conditions. This inaccuracy in inventory management can hamper the smooth running of laboratory activities. This research aims to design a chemical inventory management information system using a prototype approach, which includes the stages of Communication, Quick Planning, Quick Modelling, Construction, and Deployment. The system was developed with Microsoft Access and Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and designed with main components that include inventory recording and real-time stock monitoring. In addition, the system is also equipped with a feature to export stock data into systematic reports to support the analysis and reporting process. The results of testing the prototype show that the developed system is able to integrate the process of recording and monitoring stock in real-time, thus improving the accuracy of inventory data and efficiency in managing chemicals in the laboratory.
SUBSTITUTION OF ACID AND REACTIVE DYESTUFF MATERIALS IN THE WET BLUE SHEEP SKIN DYEING METHOD FOR NAPA LEATHER AND SUEDE GARMENTS ON WATER WASHING RESISTANCE AS A LABORATORY MANAGEMENT EFFORTS
To test the effect of different dyeing method on chrome - leather wet blue using reactive and acid dyes. Attempts were made to obtain a dyeing method that is as a new alternative, especially for skin that require high- wash durability. It is expected that the new method with the application of reactive dyes will result in the washing of the leather resistance levels were very good compared with the conventional method using acid dyes. Methodology research using wet blue sheepskin random quality, as many as 12 pieces taken at random from the bath chrome tanning process, split into 24 parts of the back (side) . Skin re- randomized and numbered 1-24 . Number 1-12 wet blue leather is treated with a reactive dyestuff, for this kind of napa and suede garment, different colors such as black, red, blue, yellow. Skin numbers 13-24 is dyed by acid dyestuff with the same color such as black, red, blue, and yellow. Statistical analysis using the General Linear Model Univariate , with three independent variables , the type of dye , colors and type of leather. Dependent variable is washing fastness.. Analysis using SPSS 15, F test - significances at 95% confidence level. Reactive dyestuff has the resilience washing (washing fastness), different from acid dyestuff. In the test values ​​F = 346.931, and the number of significance < 0.05. Average washing durability reactive dyestuff has better washing fastness than with acid dyestuff. The black color has a lower washing resistance, and the color yellow has a higher resistance. Skin type (Napa, suede , upholstery ) have different resistance that does not wash.
IMPLEMENTATION OF QUICK RESPONSE (QR) CODE ON SAFETY DATA SHEETS (SDS) OF CHEMICALS TO IMPROVE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN EDUCATIONAL LABORATORIES
T he Hazardous and Toxic Chemicals have a high risk of causing work accidents in educational laboratories. These accidents are often caused by a lack of understanding of the Safety Data Sheets (SDS). Therefore, it is proposed to implement Quick Response (QR) Code on the SDS of chemicals to facilitate easy access to SDS. Furthermore, chemical users are expected to understand how to use chemicals safely, thereby improving Occupational Health and Safety (OHS). The method for the study is Research and Development (R&D) through data collecting, compiling the summary of SDS, uploading documents, creating QR Codes, printing and attaching QR Codes, testing QR Codes and user surveis. A total of 10 types of chemicals have been implemented with QR Codes and passed the test to access the SDS quickly and easily. The results of the QR Code user survey showed an average satisfaction value of 93%. Based on the results, the implementation of QR Codes on chemical Safety Data Sheets (SDS) is an effective solution to improve Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in educational laboratories.
UTILIZATION OF LEATHER WASTE FROM PRACTICUM ACTIVITIES IN THE PRODUCTION OF BUCKET HATS
Workshops or laboratories in educational units are among the producers of waste that can cause environmental problems if not managed properly. One of the duties of a Laboratory Technician (PLP) is to ensure that laboratory waste management is carried out effectively and sustainably. In practical activities involving leather testing conducted by students, waste is generated in the form of leather scraps and rejected leather, which falls under the category of practicum waste. This waste needs to be recycled through a series of treatments so it can be repurposed as material for fashion products, specifically bucket hats. The creation of the bucket hat as a result of recycling practicum leather waste is carried out using a creation method based on the Design Thinking concept, which consists of five stages: Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, and Test. The process of making the bucket hat includes both manual work and machine use. This research produced a bucket hat product titled "Roboard Hat," a futuristic-style hat made from leather waste material with added used keyboard accents. The study concludes that waste generated from practicum activities can be repurposed into a fashion product with artistic value.
THE EFFECT OF COMBINATION VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS AND SULPHITED OIL ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF JACKET LEATHER
This research was aimed to determine the combination of vegetable tanning materials and Sulphited oil on the physical properties namely tensile strength, oil content, elongation, softness and shrinkage temperature and determine the factors that affect tensile strength, oil content, elongation, softness and shrinkage temperature leather tanning results. Raw hides/skins were processed up to acidification, pH was set to be 5 then tanned with the variation of vegetable tannin 15%, 17,5% and 20% respectively. Fatliquoring process used sulphited oil with variation of 12%, 15% and 18%. The jacket leather produced were tested using SNI 4593:2011. From this combination of treatment provided 9 (nine) treatment variation, each treatment was preformed triplicate. The results showed that the combination of vegetable tanning materials, 17.5% and 12% of sulphited oil was the result of variation in the optimum treatment for the leather to produce 208.29 N/mm2 tensile strength, oil content of 10.02%, 50.39% elongation and softness 5.13 mm and meets the requirements of SNI 4593: 2011 with the temperature shrinkage was at 79 oC. From the analysis of variance showed vegetable tanning material is the dominant factor affecting the tensile strength, oil conten and shringkage temperature. Sulphited oil is a factor that affects the oil content, elongation and softness.
REDESIGN OF PIKACHU CASUAL BACK TO SCHOOL SHOES SAMPLES AT PT PRIMARINDO ASIA INFRASTRUCTURE Tbk BANDUNG
Pikachu shoes model (back to school) are casual shoes produced by PT Primarindo Asia Infrastructure Tbk. by using the Tomkins brand for the needs of school and sports activities. Results of the observations, a problem was found, namely the discomfort after being tested for walking activities. The purpose of this study is to identify the problem of discomfort in the shoe and find a solution to repair. Problem solving method used is by conducting design experiments based on ergonomic aspects of shoes, while in data collection using observation methods, interviews, documentation and literature studies. The result obtained is that the initial design of the shoe uses an inappropriate upper and bottom material, namely the upper lacks good air circulation and the outsole material is less elastic and heavy. Design experiments were carried out using mesh materials on the upper and changes in the shape of the outsole design using phylon material in combination rubber on the bottom. Economically, the calculation of the cost increase of 15% is obtained, and it is still in the category of allowing it to be marketed because it still meets the feasibility of the production cost budget.
INTER-LABORATORY COMPARE TEST IN THE FRAMEWORK OF INCREASING TRUST IN PHYSICS TESTING LABORATORIES OF ATK POLYTECHNIC
One of the raw materials for footwear is Chrome tanned box leather with a thickness according to the applicable SNI quality standards. The problem with measuring skin thickness has received less attention from laboratory personnel during testing. The Quality Control Section is responsible for the implementation of quality assurance and quality control of test results. External quality control is carried out by cross-laboratory comparisons. The purpose of this research is to find out the competence of the Physical Testing laboratory as an executor in inter-laboratory comparison tests with skin thickness test parameters. The material used is cow leather. The test method uses SNI-06-7128-2005. stationary. The comparative test was carried out from June to August 2022 followed by the Physical Testing Laboratory as the executor of the activities (laboratory A), laboratories B and C. The test results obtained standard deviation for laboratory A vs B 0.1396 and laboratory A vs C 0.0795 . The t value for laboratory A vs B was 0.625 and laboratory A vs C was 1.85. Based on t table at 95% confidence level for laboratory A vs B 2.228 and laboratory Avs C 2.201, t count < from t table comparative test between laboratories is declared not significantly different or acceptable. Physical Testing laboratory personnel can be declared competent for the skin thickness test.
CALCULATION OF UNCERTAINTY VALUE IN THE SKIN THICKNESS TEST USING A THICKNESS MEASUREMENT
The manufacture of handicraft products or footwear requires materials according to standards. One of the materials for footwear products is tanned leather, the leather requires a certain thickness according to what has been required, this concerns the comfort and aesthetic value of the product being made. Producers of leather-based crafts need to know the thickness of the leather that will be used as the raw material. The problem is that laboratory personnel in carrying out tests have not carried out or made uncertainty calculations on the test results. The aim of the research is to calculate the uncertainty value of the sample test results with the thickness parameter. The activities will be carried out from May to June 2022 at the ATK Yogyakarta Polytechnic Physical Testing Laboratory. The material used for the box shell for the test method uses SNI 06-7128-2005. The tools used were thicknesses, tables, silver ink and stationery for the test treatment procedure ten times. The results of the study yielded data with an average value of 1.081; standard deviation of 0.02165; standard uncertainty value of calibration (µK) of 0.01; standard uncertainty value of precision (µP) of 0.0125 and a combined uncertainty value of 0.1468. Conclusion the thickness of the box skin is 1.081 ± 0.1468 so that the skin sample meets the requirements of SII 06-0234-1989 on a quality standard of 0.8-1.7 mm thick.
THE EFFECT OF INJECTION SPEED, INJECTION PRESSURE, AND MOLD POSITION ON THE PRODUCTION OF POLYPROPYLENE (PP) LOUNGE CHAIRS
Injection molding is making products made from plastic materials through melted plastic and then injected into a mold or mold. The plastic lounge chair is made of polypropylene (PP) by injection molding. In the injection molding process, there are parameters of injection speed, pressure, and molding position. This study aims to determine the effect of injection speed, pressure, and mold position. Injection speed, injection pressure, and improper mold position can produce a lounge chair with short-shot defects. Short-shot defects cannot be repaired but must be recycled by chopping them up to be reused as additional material for producing plastic products; this will increase operational costs. Efforts to reduce short shots can be done by changing the speed parameter settings, injection pressure, and mold position. Plastic lounge chairs, according to standards, were obtained by inverted mold position and injection speed settings in zones 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of 70, 60, 50, 45, and 30 in mm/s units. The injection pressures are 95, 85, 75, 65, and 55 bar.
EFFICIENCY OF WATER AND CHROME USE IN CABRETTA SHEEP TANNING PROCESS USING EXHAUSTED TANNING CHROME METHOD
This study aims to make chromium and water more efficient in the tanning process. The methods used include water efficiency from 100% to 50% and chromium reduction from 6% to 4% using exhausted chrome tanning method. The raw material used is grade 6 pikel sheepskin and the auxiliary chemical used is acrylic copolymer. The tests carried out were organoleptic, physical and chromium content in the waste. Organoleptic and physical tests showed that the condition of slackness, and the suitability of color on the crust of the pearl white cabretta article had met consumer purchasing standards. In the results of physical testing of samples using the exhausted chrome tanning method, almost all of them meet the test standards from SII-0943-84. Waste testing showed that the use of the efficiency method had a significant decrease in the amount of total chromium, from 757.35 mg/L to 487.80 mg/L.
EFFECT OF GELATINIZATION ACIDITY ON BIOPLASTIC SYNTHESIS OF GLUTINOUS RICE STARCH REINFORCED BY BAMBOO LEAF POWDER
Bioplastic is organic-based plastics that offers eco-friendly and safe for human health properties. The plastic versatility in life requires the sustainable development of bioplastic synthesis to be carried out to produce bioplastics that can replace the function of plastics. One alternative for bioplastic synthesis is to produce biocomposite of glutinous rice starch reinforced by bamboo leaf powder. The parameters of bioplastic synthesis process have important role to produce bioplastics with certain characteristics. This research aims to study the effect of gelatization acidity on bioplastics synthesis from glutinous rice flour reinforced by bamboo leaf powder. The gelatinization process in bioplastic production was carried out under various acidity degree (pH 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7). The results showed that the recommended gelatinization process was under acidic conditions (pH 5) to obtain viscosity value was 208 cm2/s, water content was 34.27% and density was 1.326 g/mL. In addition, the pH value of 5 in gelatinization process also obtained tensile strength was 3.118 MPa and elongation percentage was 36.111% of bioplastic. Therefore, it can be concluded that the acidity of the gelatinization process affects the quality of the bioplastic produced.
REPROCESS AND REPAIR COW UPPER LEATHER SUEDE WITH SPRAY FINISH METHOD
Upper leathers have many types of leather articles likes nappa leather upper, sports shoe upper, suede upper leather and others. Suede upper leather is upper leather that has own charm because have more fashionable nap. Making suede leather more difficult because the raw materials used in this process is the upper suede leather raw material that does not pass because the color does not meet customer desires (leather from industrial leather stock). The basic color of suede skin is absolute produced through Post Tanning process. Beside the color, a feeling touch is also expected in upper suede leather. Suede skin repair process done in two ways: wet process (Post Tanning) and spray finish method. Spray finish method can save cost and time in repairing suede leather. The process of color and quality improvement is done with the finishing process so as to get suede leather in accordance with the wishes. The chemicals used in this process are: Water, metal complex dyestuff, 1441 UR, Amollan IP and Rosilk TM 2000. Suede skin repair process using spray finish method. The upper suede leathers are tested by organoleptic test. The results of this study obtained leather upper suede leathers have met the standards.
UTILIZATION OF LIQUID WASTE SEDIMENT LEATHER INDUSTRI FOR CHILLI PLANTS FERTILIZER
The purpose of this study was to utilize solid waste from wastewater treatment sludge for red chili fertilizer by finding the proportion/ratio of solid waste components with soil to obtain the most optimal composition. The materials used are solid waste sediment leather tannery, soil, chili seedlings, pesticides, and water. The tools used are plant pots (pots made of clay with a diameter of ± 25 cm and a height of ± 20 cm). The method used was planting red chili seeds on 6 types of planting media, namely control pots, 1,2,3,4,5 pot which were sequentially controlled (without solid waste), and the ratio of solid waste: soil with a ratio of 1:2, 1: 3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6. The results of the data obtained were analyzed using a T test and completely random design. furthermore, duncan test was conducted to determine the best dose (ratio) for chili plants if previously (in the unidirectional variance test) there was a ratio effect. The results obtained were pots 1, 2, 4 had a higher plant height than the control. Pots 1,2,3,4 had more leaves than the control. The conclusion that can be obtained is that the solid waste sediment on chili planting media affects height increase, number of chili leaves, and quantitatively not all of them have a significant effect. Giving solid waste sediments with a ratio of 1: 3 showed the fastest increase in height and number of leaves.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FROM WOUNDS OF DAIRY CATTLE IN VITRO
The skin is the largest organ of the body that can be infection. One of the causes of infections is microorganisms. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus on the skin of dairy cattle can affect the quality of leather. This research was conducted to isolate and identify S. aureus from the skin of injured dairy cattle. The sample was taken from a dairy farm in Surabaya. Isolation of S. aureus was carried out using NA and MSA selective media, while characterization was carried out using gram staining, catalase test, and coagulase test. The research results showed that samples isolated from wounds on the skin of dairy contained S. aureus. Gram staining test showed gram positive bacteria with coccus morphology and clustered arrangement. The catalase test was positive with the formation of H2O and O2. Catalase test was indicated by the formation of coagulation or clots in the blood plasma. These results indicated that the skin with contains S. aureus bacteria which can cause infection so that it can affect the quality of the skin to be tanned.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF MOLD TEMPERATURE AND MELT TEMPERATURE ON FILL TIME AND QUALITY PREDICTION OF PLASTIC PRODUCTS IN INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS USING AUTODESK MOLDFLOW ADVISOR SOFTWARE
This study aims to determine the effect of mold temperature and melt temperature on fill time and quality prediction of tablespoon products. This product is made of plastic with Polystyrene (PS) product material and is produced by the injection molding method. This research was conducted using Autodesk Moldflow Advisor software. From the results of this study, it is known that the best parameter setting among the twelve data obtained is at a mold temperature of 55°C and melt temperature of 220°C with a fill time of 0.2169 s and a high quality prediction of 13.80%, a medium value of 86, 20%, and a low value of 0.00%, because the quality of the resulting product is better and the production time is smaller. So that it can make the production process more effective and efficient
IDENTIFICATION OF TIRE RUBBER FEASIBILITY WITH CNN RESNET-50 MODEL
In this study, the authors designed an algorithm based on a convolutional neural network that is capable of automatically classifying tire rubber eligibility according to the appearance of the tire on the tire image. The proposed algorithm will be built through several stages as follows. In the first stage, tire image acquisition will be carried out which will be the input of the designed algorithm. Furthermore, the acquired image will be divided into two sets, namely training and testing sets. The training set contains tire images that will be used at the training stage of several convolutional neural network architectures to be able to and classify them to the appropriate level of feasibility. The training phase will be carried out in a number of epohs, and at each epoh, the cross entropy loss function value will be calculated which expresses the performance of the convolutional neural network architecture in classifying tire images. In this study, the author has designed an algorithm based on deep learning that is capable of automatically classifying tire eligibility. The proposed algorithm has been built through several stages such as tire image acquisition, training of several CNN models, especially ResNet-50. The CNN architecture test is trained to classify tire images from the test set. In addition, the accuracy value has also been calculated which shows the percentage of the number of tire images that are successfully classified correctly to the total number of tire images in the test set, which is an accuracy of 88.31%.
THE USE OF A CROCKMETER MACHINE FOR RUBBING TEST ON PARCHMENT SKIN
One of the small industries that survives and needs to be developed is the shadow puppet industry. The shadow puppet industry uses parchment skin as the main raw material. As a laboratory institution, the author tested the quality of parchment skin dye paint for shadow puppet using a crockmeter machine. The test is carried out by adding an auxiliary material in the form of ethylene glycol to the dye paint which is expected to improve the quality of the rubbing resistance of the dye paint on the shadow puppets. In this test the author uses parchment skin from sun-dried buffalo skin with a transparent color and an even thickness of the skin and a large cross-sectional area so that no part is wasted. Furthermore, the parchment skin surface was sanded before staining. This sanding aims to level the parchment skin surface and remove the remaining collagen, protein and fat. The test was carried out using 3 samples. Sample I used coloring materials (mowilex paint, foxputih glue, water and finishing using mowilex clear). Sample II uses coloring materials (mowilex paint, white fox glue, water, Ethylen Glycol and finishing using mowilex clear). Sample III uses dyes (mowilex paint, white fox glue, water, Ethylen Glycol, finishing using mowilex clear and the addition of a clearing process using a sunlight wetting agent. From the experiments and tests carried out, better results were obtained for the use of Ethylen Glycol in the coloring and also the clearing process to improve the color quality of the wayang kulit products produced.
THE EFFECT OF USING SURFACTAN TO REMOVE FATTY SPEW STAINS ON GOLF GLOVE LEATHER
Fatty spew is a stain found in leather that has been tanned with chrome. The appearance of fatty spew is caused by the content of free fatty acids which is too high. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of using surfactant as a washing agent in removing fatty spew stains on golf glove leather. The raw materials used were 2 sheets of chrome tanned crust measuring 11 sqft with a weight of 206 g and a shaving thickness of 0.4-0.5 mm. The process carried out is by washing using a washing agent in the form of a surfactant as much as 0.6% of the weight of the skin. Washing was carried out for 30 minutes using a process drum. The results of the washing showed that fatty spew stains on the crust skin obtained maximum results after washing there was a slight change in the surface of the skin that felt a little rough, so additional polishing treatment was needed. The conclusion obtained is that the use of surfactants obtains maximum results in removing fatty spew stains on the crust skin.
IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC LEATHER PRODUCT INDUSTRIAL WASTE DETECTION SYSTEM
Rapid globalization has led to the growth of a significant amount of waste, including in the industry. Due to the considerable amount of growth of waste every year, effective and efficient waste management is needed to protect our environment. In the leather product industry, waste management is strongly important since it may have a significant impact to the employee and production process. Regarding those issues, waste management technology is considered proposed in order to solve those problems. Current research reported the outstanding work of implementing artificial intelligence for detecting and recognizing industrial waste. Artificial intelligence was proven to be a highly recommended approach that is able to classify several waste types with outstanding performance. Regardless of those facts, artificial intelligence still remains several hurdles, such as the high computational demands, especially for deep learning networks. Regarding the mentioned issue, we proposed a more proper deep learning network for recognizing industrial waste. In this research work, we use Single Shot Detector (SSD) to recognize and classify industrial waste. Our proposed solution was performed in the TrashNet dataset and Waste Picture dataset. Our proposed solution successfully achieve mAP of 0.8813, accuracy of 0,9795, precision of 0,9985 and recall of 0,9693 in the training process. Whereas, in the testing process we achieve average accuracy of 0,8254. According to those results, we can conclude that our proposed solution is suitable for industrial waste detection and has potential to be implemented as an embedded system for recognizing industrial waste automatically.
EXPLORATION OF LANTUNG WOOD LEATHER WITH DESIGN THINKING METHOD FOR PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT OF LANTUNG BENGKULU MSMEs
Indonesia is one of the countries that have contributed to the apparel, leather, and textile industry in the international market. Not only that, but Indonesian MSME handicrafts are also one of the commodities that can increase the country's foreign exchange, one of which is the lantung bark craft from Bengkulu. However, the creative industry is constantly facing competition with the entry of cheap products from China that get easy access with the increasing e-commerce technology. Providing value for the Lantung Bengkulu MSME products to compete locally and globally, one of the steps is to apply the Design Thinking Method and take the distinctive character of the stylized Serawai Tribe Weaving in the exploration process. The results of this study have obtained data that 47 Bengkulu women consumers as much as 89.4% like the results of the re-design and exploration of lantung shoes that have been designed. In determining the selling price of MSME Lantung Bengkulu should also set a price range of Rp. 110.000 to Rp. 500.000 because it corresponds to the purchasing power of female consumers in Bengkulu. The results of this study directly contribute to providing product value to the typical Bengkulu Lantung MSMEs. The Design Thinking method has been successfully increasing the value of the Lantung Bengkulu MSME products, this method can be applied to similar research to develop local MSMEs in Indonesia.
OPTIMIZATION OF CYCLE TIME AND REDUCTION OF TAILED ON TOP DEFECTS IN BOTTLE CAPS USING TAGUCHI METHOD
The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal cycle time and reduced defects of tailed on top in bottle cap products. Defects of tailed on top are defects in the form of residual plastic material that hardens at the top of the bottle cap where the material enters when injected. The method used in this final project was to conduct an experimental design using orthogonal array by varying the influential parameters and ANOVA calculation. Furthermore, this paper also calculated the Taguchi method by using Minitab 18 software. The result show that the optimal condition is combination parameters cooling time of 8 seconds, injection time of 2.10 seconds and hot runner nozzle temperature of 230oC produces a cycle time value of 17,11 seconds and percentage defects 1,56%.
HE USE OF CROSS LINKER IN UPHOLSTERY LEATHER FINISHING COATING
Leather upholstery must have good rub resistance, adhesion, and flexing resistance to be able for a long time. This study aims to determine the correct amount of cross linker use to obtain the good rub resistance, adhesion, and flexing resistance upholstery of the leather upholstery finishing coat. Crust leather, adhesive solvent, diluent solvent, penetrator, medium light polyurethane, light polyurethane, aliphatic polyurethane, cross linker, spray gun, flex meter, rubbing fastness tester, and grey scale are used as material. Upholstery leather finishing consist of base, medium and top coat. The method is addition of 2, 3, and 4% cross linker from the total of top coat composition. The result of wet rubbing resistance test are very faded (value=1) when using 2% cross linker, medium faded (value=3) when using 3% cross linker, very no faded (value=5) when using 4% cross linker. The dry rubbing resistance of each treatment showed no difference. Adhesion value (≤12.0 N) and flexing resistance (no crack) for all treatment met the requirement. It can be concluded that the use of a cross linker of 4% in the top coat finishing produces the best test value.
THE EFFECT OF PIGMENT ADDITION ON TRASH BAG MADE FROM RECYCLE HDPE
Trash bag is a product of plastic film in the form of bubbles which is produced using extrusion blown film and coextrusion blown film machines. Trash bags have a variety of colors and sizes. The color of the trash bag comes from pigment additives. The addition of pigments to trash bags is not only to increase their aesthetic value, but can also have an impact on the mechanical properties and water resistance of finished goods. Therefore, experiments were carried out to make trash bags with variations in the addition of pigments (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%), HDPE recycle (60%), LLDPE recycle (40%), desiccant (5%). The experiment was conducted at PT Sang Plastik Indonesia. The purpose of the experiment was to find out the process of making trash bags, the exact formulation, and the mechanical properties and resistance to water. The process of making trash bags uses an extrusion blown film machine at a temperature of 190-195°C. The process of testing the mechanical properties consisting of tensile strength and tear strength was carried out six times for each trash bag sample using a universal testing machine, while the water resistance test was carried out by soaking each sample for 24 hours. The results of the trash bag tensile strength test with the addition of 0% pigment was 6.8 MPa, 5% pigment was 6.7 MPa, 10% pigment was 6.2 MPa, and 15% pigment was 6.1 MPa. The results of the tear strength test of the trash bag with the addition of 0% pigment was 1.8 N, 5% pigment was 1.7 N, 10% pigment was 1.6 N, and 15% pigment was 1.3 N. The results of the trash bag water resistance test with the addition of 0% pigment was 98.10%, 5% pigment is 99.13%, 10% pigment is 98.39%, and 15% pigment is 99.66%.